Fertilizer is the “food†and “nutrition†of crops, which is directly related to crop yield and product quality. Nowadays, both domestic and international are actively developing green agriculture (ecological agriculture, organic agriculture) and promoting safe and pollution-free green food. In the process of producing green food, it is required to use or minimize the use of chemical fertilizers, chemical pesticides and other chemical materials. This requires that the fertilizer can first promote crop growth and improve product quality; secondly, it does not cause the generation and accumulation of harmful substances; secondly, it does not pollute the environment and soil. In recent years, China has applied microbial products with special functions and a variety of microbial fertilizers, which not only reduces and alleviates the nitrate pollution in agricultural products (especially vegetables and fruits), but also improves the quality of crops.
1 Definition of microbial fertilizer
Microbial fertilizer is a kind of product that causes the crop to obtain a specific fertilizer effect by the life activity of microorganisms, and is a kind of fertilizer used in agricultural production.
There are some misunderstandings and prejudices in the society about microbial fertilizers. One view is that it is highly effective, and it is regarded as a universal fertilizer, even as a complete replacement for chemical fertilizer. This is an exaggeration; another view is that it does not Calculate fertilizer. In fact, both views are one-sided. First of all, microbial fertilizers are different from chemical fertilizers rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Microbial fertilizers directly or indirectly promote crop growth through the life activities of microorganisms, resist pests and diseases, improve crop quality, and not only increase crop yields. On the other hand, from the current research and test results, microbial fertilizers cannot completely replace chemical fertilizers, such as inoculation of peanuts with rhizobial agents. Legumes or pastures such as soybeans can improve the symbiotic nitrogen fixation efficiency, and the yield increase effect is obvious. This is already well known. However, in the case of the same effective yield composition, the amount of fertilizer used can only be reduced to a different extent and cannot be completely replaced. In addition, each type of fertilizer has its own crops and areas, and there is currently no fertilizer where it can be used. Therefore, microbial fertilizer should belong to one kind of fertilizer, but from the perspective of the type and function of microorganisms, it is essentially different from traditional fertilizer and organic fertilizer.
2 Types of microbial fertilizers
From the different functions of microbial fertilizers, they can be divided into two categories.
2.1 Microbial seed dressing
The porous material is used as an adsorbent (such as grass charcoal, vermiculite), and the fermentation liquid of the bacterial body is adsorbed as a microbial agent, and the microbial agent is used for seed dressing or rooting. Beneficial microorganisms increase the supply of plant nutrients through their life activities, and improve plant nutrient status leading to increased yield. It is a variety of rhizobial fertilizers, mainly used in legumes, which can form nodules on the roots and stems of legumes, and assimilate nitrogen in the air to supply plant nitrogen nutrition.
Two or more kinds of microorganisms (nitrogen-fixing bacteria, spores or some other bacteria) can also be mutually antagonistic and mutually beneficial, and the crops can be increased by their life activities, and the effects thereof not only improve the supply level of nutrients, but also include bacteria. Various plant growth stimulating hormones produced during the breeding process antagonize certain pathogenic bacteria to achieve the purpose of inhibiting diseases, especially soil-borne diseases such as nematode diseases, total eclipses, bacterial wilt, blight and the like. Some microbial agents can activate the fixed phosphorus and potassium minerals in the soil and make them absorbed by plants. Other fungi can accelerate the maturity of crop straw and promote the fermentation of organic waste.
2.2 Compound microbial fertilizer
In addition to containing effective microorganisms, there are some nutrients. According to the different nutrients, it can be divided into: microbes and organic compounds; microbes and organic and inorganic elements. According to the mechanism of action, it can be divided into: nutrition-based; disease-resistant, mainly degrading pesticides; Each type of fertilizer has its own characteristics and functions are not completely consistent, but the purpose is to increase crop yield, reduce fertilizer use, reduce costs, improve soil and improve crop quality, and protect the ecological environment.
According to the specific microbial species in its products, it can be divided into bacterial fertilizers (rhizobial fertilizer, nitrogen fixation, phosphate dissolving, potassium dissolving fertilizer), actinomycete fertilizer (antibiotic fertilizer), fungal fertilizers (mycorrhizal fungi, mold fertilizer, yeast). Fertilizer), photosynthetic bacteria fertilizer.
According to the mechanism of action, it can be divided into rhizobial fertilizer, nitrogen-fixing fertilizer (self-generated or joint symbiosis), phosphate-free fertilizer, silicate fertilizer, Bacillus preparation, decomposition crop straw preparation, and microbial plant growth regulator. Plant growth regulators are currently being researched and explored. Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria, which is currently under research and exploration, falls into this category. As the research progresses, such microorganisms and their products will be applied more widely and rationally.
Foreign research and application of microbial fertilizers is earlier than in China. Its main variety is Rhizobium seed dressing. In the past 10 years, the development of microbial fertilizers in China has been rapid, but the application of rhizobium is less. The fertilizers of other varieties, such as nitrogen fixation, anti-cannon, potassium dissolving and spore preparations, are mostly used in factories.
The production of microbial fertilizers is high-tech. In general, the production of microbial fertilizers is not only a fermentation process, but also requires high technology from the selection, rejuvenation, regeneration and even genetic recombination of strains and the effective combination of different strains. It also includes ecological research such as fermentation equipment matching, reasonable process, stable production performance and colonization competition after microorganisms enter the soil. In short, we must understand the relationship between microbes and crop varieties, soil fertility, soil type, and achieve the purpose of rational application of fertilizer, which needs to be further studied. There are two types of microbial fertilizers, liquid and solid. No matter which type of preparation, it has a protective effect on microorganisms, so that it can survive for a long time and smoothly enter the soil to reproduce.
The beneficial microbes in microbial fertilizers require energy and nutrients for life activities. When entering the soil, when the energy supply and nutrient supply are sufficient, the beneficial microorganisms contained therein will be multiplied and vigorously metabolized, thereby exerting its effects. Otherwise, there is no effect or the effect is not obvious. When the soil ecological environment (moisture, temperature, oxygen, pH, redox potential factors, etc.) is suitable for the beneficial microbial life in the fertilizer, the effect is particularly significant. Therefore, reasonable agricultural technology facilities can improve the soil environment and improve the microbial fertilizer. Effectiveness.
The role of microbial fertilizers is comprehensive. First of all, it can increase fertility, which is the main function of microbial fertilizer. The relationship between microbial life activities and soil fertility is affirmative, but some studies are not in place, and some mechanisms cannot be fully elucidated. Secondly, it can help crops absorb nutrients. For example, rhizobium can fix nitrogen in nodules and is Plant absorption can be used both without pollution. AM fungus is a soil fungus that is symbiotic with a variety of plant roots. Its hyphae can absorb more nutrients for plant absorption and utilization, especially phosphorus absorption is most obvious; microbial fertilizer can also increase plant resistance to pests and diseases and drought resistance. The research and application of PGPR provides good evidence for this. PGPR can also produce extracellular lysing enzymes (selerotium) and hydrogen cyanide (Tnielaviopsis) to alter the micro-ecological environment. It is also believed that after PGPR inoculation, it can promote the increase of water quality in roots, thereby promoting crop strength and generating stress resistance. Another role of using microbial fertilizers is to reduce the amount of fertilizer used while improving crop quality.
The bacteria used to produce microbial fertilizers must be safe. The strain must first have no acute or evil acute disease to humans, animals and plants, and secondly it must have certain effects. Good strains are important because the same strain can be screened for more potent strains after screening or mutagenesis. The application of strains should be scientific and reasonable. Some fertilizer products use Soybean Rhizobium for gramineous crops such as wheat, corn, etc., which is very ridiculous. The spore-like bacteria combination should also be tested, some types are not suitable for combination, and the safety of some bacteria should also be verified. Microbial fertilizer should not be exposed to sunlight for a long time, so as to avoid ultraviolet rays killing microorganisms in fertilizers. Some products should not be mixed with chemical fertilizers, and should not be mixed with fungicides.
Microbial fertilizers are developing very fast, but there are also some unreasonable problems. For example, blindly think that the more kinds of bacteria added to the fertilizer, the better the mutual antagonistic bacteria will be put together; the fermentation equipment is not perfect; the process is not advanced; the production technology is low; the product quality is unstable; the proportion of chemical fertilizer in the microbial compound fertilizer is large, the name Inconsistent; weak basic research; lagging high-tech product development and so on. Microbial fertilizers cannot solve all the problems in production, but compared with chemical fertilizers, microbial fertilizers are still too small in agricultural production, and they are fertilizers that should be developed vigorously.
1 Definition of microbial fertilizer
Microbial fertilizer is a kind of product that causes the crop to obtain a specific fertilizer effect by the life activity of microorganisms, and is a kind of fertilizer used in agricultural production.
There are some misunderstandings and prejudices in the society about microbial fertilizers. One view is that it is highly effective, and it is regarded as a universal fertilizer, even as a complete replacement for chemical fertilizer. This is an exaggeration; another view is that it does not Calculate fertilizer. In fact, both views are one-sided. First of all, microbial fertilizers are different from chemical fertilizers rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Microbial fertilizers directly or indirectly promote crop growth through the life activities of microorganisms, resist pests and diseases, improve crop quality, and not only increase crop yields. On the other hand, from the current research and test results, microbial fertilizers cannot completely replace chemical fertilizers, such as inoculation of peanuts with rhizobial agents. Legumes or pastures such as soybeans can improve the symbiotic nitrogen fixation efficiency, and the yield increase effect is obvious. This is already well known. However, in the case of the same effective yield composition, the amount of fertilizer used can only be reduced to a different extent and cannot be completely replaced. In addition, each type of fertilizer has its own crops and areas, and there is currently no fertilizer where it can be used. Therefore, microbial fertilizer should belong to one kind of fertilizer, but from the perspective of the type and function of microorganisms, it is essentially different from traditional fertilizer and organic fertilizer.
2 Types of microbial fertilizers
From the different functions of microbial fertilizers, they can be divided into two categories.
2.1 Microbial seed dressing
The porous material is used as an adsorbent (such as grass charcoal, vermiculite), and the fermentation liquid of the bacterial body is adsorbed as a microbial agent, and the microbial agent is used for seed dressing or rooting. Beneficial microorganisms increase the supply of plant nutrients through their life activities, and improve plant nutrient status leading to increased yield. It is a variety of rhizobial fertilizers, mainly used in legumes, which can form nodules on the roots and stems of legumes, and assimilate nitrogen in the air to supply plant nitrogen nutrition.
Two or more kinds of microorganisms (nitrogen-fixing bacteria, spores or some other bacteria) can also be mutually antagonistic and mutually beneficial, and the crops can be increased by their life activities, and the effects thereof not only improve the supply level of nutrients, but also include bacteria. Various plant growth stimulating hormones produced during the breeding process antagonize certain pathogenic bacteria to achieve the purpose of inhibiting diseases, especially soil-borne diseases such as nematode diseases, total eclipses, bacterial wilt, blight and the like. Some microbial agents can activate the fixed phosphorus and potassium minerals in the soil and make them absorbed by plants. Other fungi can accelerate the maturity of crop straw and promote the fermentation of organic waste.
2.2 Compound microbial fertilizer
In addition to containing effective microorganisms, there are some nutrients. According to the different nutrients, it can be divided into: microbes and organic compounds; microbes and organic and inorganic elements. According to the mechanism of action, it can be divided into: nutrition-based; disease-resistant, mainly degrading pesticides; Each type of fertilizer has its own characteristics and functions are not completely consistent, but the purpose is to increase crop yield, reduce fertilizer use, reduce costs, improve soil and improve crop quality, and protect the ecological environment.
According to the specific microbial species in its products, it can be divided into bacterial fertilizers (rhizobial fertilizer, nitrogen fixation, phosphate dissolving, potassium dissolving fertilizer), actinomycete fertilizer (antibiotic fertilizer), fungal fertilizers (mycorrhizal fungi, mold fertilizer, yeast). Fertilizer), photosynthetic bacteria fertilizer.
According to the mechanism of action, it can be divided into rhizobial fertilizer, nitrogen-fixing fertilizer (self-generated or joint symbiosis), phosphate-free fertilizer, silicate fertilizer, Bacillus preparation, decomposition crop straw preparation, and microbial plant growth regulator. Plant growth regulators are currently being researched and explored. Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria, which is currently under research and exploration, falls into this category. As the research progresses, such microorganisms and their products will be applied more widely and rationally.
Foreign research and application of microbial fertilizers is earlier than in China. Its main variety is Rhizobium seed dressing. In the past 10 years, the development of microbial fertilizers in China has been rapid, but the application of rhizobium is less. The fertilizers of other varieties, such as nitrogen fixation, anti-cannon, potassium dissolving and spore preparations, are mostly used in factories.
The production of microbial fertilizers is high-tech. In general, the production of microbial fertilizers is not only a fermentation process, but also requires high technology from the selection, rejuvenation, regeneration and even genetic recombination of strains and the effective combination of different strains. It also includes ecological research such as fermentation equipment matching, reasonable process, stable production performance and colonization competition after microorganisms enter the soil. In short, we must understand the relationship between microbes and crop varieties, soil fertility, soil type, and achieve the purpose of rational application of fertilizer, which needs to be further studied. There are two types of microbial fertilizers, liquid and solid. No matter which type of preparation, it has a protective effect on microorganisms, so that it can survive for a long time and smoothly enter the soil to reproduce.
The beneficial microbes in microbial fertilizers require energy and nutrients for life activities. When entering the soil, when the energy supply and nutrient supply are sufficient, the beneficial microorganisms contained therein will be multiplied and vigorously metabolized, thereby exerting its effects. Otherwise, there is no effect or the effect is not obvious. When the soil ecological environment (moisture, temperature, oxygen, pH, redox potential factors, etc.) is suitable for the beneficial microbial life in the fertilizer, the effect is particularly significant. Therefore, reasonable agricultural technology facilities can improve the soil environment and improve the microbial fertilizer. Effectiveness.
The role of microbial fertilizers is comprehensive. First of all, it can increase fertility, which is the main function of microbial fertilizer. The relationship between microbial life activities and soil fertility is affirmative, but some studies are not in place, and some mechanisms cannot be fully elucidated. Secondly, it can help crops absorb nutrients. For example, rhizobium can fix nitrogen in nodules and is Plant absorption can be used both without pollution. AM fungus is a soil fungus that is symbiotic with a variety of plant roots. Its hyphae can absorb more nutrients for plant absorption and utilization, especially phosphorus absorption is most obvious; microbial fertilizer can also increase plant resistance to pests and diseases and drought resistance. The research and application of PGPR provides good evidence for this. PGPR can also produce extracellular lysing enzymes (selerotium) and hydrogen cyanide (Tnielaviopsis) to alter the micro-ecological environment. It is also believed that after PGPR inoculation, it can promote the increase of water quality in roots, thereby promoting crop strength and generating stress resistance. Another role of using microbial fertilizers is to reduce the amount of fertilizer used while improving crop quality.
The bacteria used to produce microbial fertilizers must be safe. The strain must first have no acute or evil acute disease to humans, animals and plants, and secondly it must have certain effects. Good strains are important because the same strain can be screened for more potent strains after screening or mutagenesis. The application of strains should be scientific and reasonable. Some fertilizer products use Soybean Rhizobium for gramineous crops such as wheat, corn, etc., which is very ridiculous. The spore-like bacteria combination should also be tested, some types are not suitable for combination, and the safety of some bacteria should also be verified. Microbial fertilizer should not be exposed to sunlight for a long time, so as to avoid ultraviolet rays killing microorganisms in fertilizers. Some products should not be mixed with chemical fertilizers, and should not be mixed with fungicides.
Microbial fertilizers are developing very fast, but there are also some unreasonable problems. For example, blindly think that the more kinds of bacteria added to the fertilizer, the better the mutual antagonistic bacteria will be put together; the fermentation equipment is not perfect; the process is not advanced; the production technology is low; the product quality is unstable; the proportion of chemical fertilizer in the microbial compound fertilizer is large, the name Inconsistent; weak basic research; lagging high-tech product development and so on. Microbial fertilizers cannot solve all the problems in production, but compared with chemical fertilizers, microbial fertilizers are still too small in agricultural production, and they are fertilizers that should be developed vigorously.
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