The energy issue is one of the common problems in rural China and an important part of China's energy strategy. At present, the energy consumption of rural residents in China still relies mainly on traditional biomass resources, the energy infrastructure is relatively weak, and the shortage of energy for farmers' living still exists. The rural areas have become the backward areas for energy development in China. With the development of China's social economy and the rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization, agricultural and rural areas are undergoing major and profound changes, and rural energy issues have become increasingly prominent. Therefore, researching rural energy development countermeasures and developing rural energy is of great significance for meeting farmers' energy needs for production and living, promoting coordinated urban and rural development, optimizing rural ecological environment, promoting resource recycling, and improving rural civilization.
I. Current Status and Problems of Rural Energy Development in China (I) Unreasonable Energy Consumption Structure At present, China's rural energy is mainly based on biomass energy and coal, and these two types of energy exceed 60% of farmers' energy use. At the same time, more than 70% of the rural areas in China rely on biomass fuels such as straw and fuelwood, and biomass fuels in most other regions account for more than 1/2 of total fuel use. China's biomass fuel accounts for about 30% of the world's total, and is the world's largest consumer of biomass fuel. The use of biomass fuels poses a serious threat to agricultural production and the ecological environment.
(II) Severe development of new energy development Although there are many energy sources available for rural development, compared with developed countries, there is a big gap in energy development and use in rural areas of China. Mainly reflected in China's backward development of new energy technologies in rural areas, small scale of production, high cost, low level of localization of products, etc., so it is difficult to form large-scale use, such as: solar power technology, wind power generation technology, straw gasification technology and biology Alcohol production technology, etc. Although after years of development, China's rural areas have achieved certain results in the development and utilization of new materials such as material gasification, liquefaction, solidification, solar water heating, power generation and wind energy, but due to factors such as capital, technology and environment. The impact has not been fully exerted, resulting in the structural shortage and waste of rural energy in China, and many regions have thus fallen into a vicious circle of “energy shortage – deforestation – ecological destruction – energy shortageâ€.
(III) Low energy utilization efficiency Most of the biomass energy such as straw and fuelwood used in rural areas in China is directly burned. The direct combustion makes the utilization efficiency of biomass energy greatly reduced, generally only 20% to 30%. Rural enterprises are also mainly inefficient and high-cost, because at the beginning of the establishment of the enterprise, due to the constraints of funds and other conditions, most of the equipment used is old and eliminated. These equipments are high in energy consumption, heavy in pollution, low in efficiency, and very It is difficult to adopt the latest low-energy, low-emission, high-efficiency production processes. At the same time, with the introduction of a series of national environmental protection policies, the city's high-energy and high-pollution industries are also shifting to the countryside in large numbers.
(4) The emphasis on rural energy demand is not enough. Rural energy is mostly self-sufficient, mainly using biomass energy such as straw and branches. In the planning and distribution of energy, the main consideration is urban residents and various enterprises. In general, the energy supply is heavy on cities and light rural areas. With the development of the rural economy, the energy supply to the rural areas has increased, but overall there is still a big gap with the city. Although it is related to the low density of the rural population and the small number of enterprises, the main focus is not enough, ignoring the rural energy. Demand.
(5) Farmers' understanding of environmental protection and new energy is not in place For farmers, the direct use of straw and fuelwood as energy sources saves both money and money. They have difficulty recognizing the negative impact of using these energy sources on agricultural production and the natural environment. For example, in recent years, there have been more smog weathers. In addition to extreme weather, it is caused by environmental pollution to a large extent, and direct burning of straw has played a role in fueling environmental pollution. Although the state has issued a series of policies and regulations on rural energy, due to insufficient promotion and implementation, it has not attracted enough attention from farmers. For the rural energy projects that the state grants subsidies and subsidies, some farmers take a wait-and-see attitude and treat them negatively, and miss out on the great opportunities for development, which in turn affects the promotion and use of new energy in rural areas.
Second, China's rural energy development countermeasures (1) Strengthen the scientific planning of rural energy construction to coordinate urban and rural development, the focus is to rational planning, as well as energy issues. To develop rural energy, it is necessary to focus on timely adjustment and rational planning from the perspectives of increasing farmers' income, improving the quality of life of farmers, rural ecological environment protection, rural civilization, and improving the quality of agricultural products. According to local conditions, the development of rural energy industry, according to the needs of nature, economy, geography and social development, according to the different conditions of each region, choose different energy technology models. Especially in the construction planning of villages and towns, it is necessary to base on the local economic, production and living waste resources, arrange the construction of rural energy facilities, and promote the improvement and improvement of rural production, life and civilization. In the production and transformation of energy crops, plan well, find out the resource base, arrange the land reasonably, organize production in a timely manner, improve operational efficiency, and achieve coordinated promotion of food security and farmers' income.
(2) Improve rural energy construction capacity to carry out rural energy vocational skills training, implement a professional access system, and construction workers engaged in rural energy construction must obtain national corresponding vocational qualification certificates. The construction tasks should match the number of certified technicians to ensure the quality of rural energy project construction. The implementation of legalized institutionalized management, large-scale rural energy projects, the implementation of project legal person system, bidding system, engineering construction supervision system and project quality lifelong responsibility system. Rural energy construction requires new farmers who have culture, technology and will operate. It is necessary to reach out to farmers, popularize rural energy science knowledge, raise awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection, enhance rural energy self-sufficiency, and continuously improve rural production and quality of life.
(3) Increasing the capital investment in rural energy construction Supporting the construction and development of new energy is a huge investment project. It is difficult to support the farmers' own funds alone. If the government's capital investment is not in place, the enthusiasm of farmers to develop new energy sources will be greatly reduced. First, the investment is large and unbearable. Second, it is difficult to see the ideal benefits from the larger investment, which will reduce their enthusiasm. Mobilize the resources of the government, enterprises and society to enhance the support of funds. Through the establishment of a government-led investment mechanism that guides enterprises and society to participate, we strive to make rural energy projects progress smoothly. Through the establishment of a provincial-level rural energy construction special fund, the city and county levels will be introduced to increase rural energy construction investment, and a relatively stable capital investment mechanism will be formed. Based on the principle of “who invests and who benefitsâ€, the company further clarifies the main position of farmers' investment, mobilizes the enthusiasm of farmers to invest and invest, and attracts social funds and enterprises to participate in the construction of rural energy projects through the formulation of preferential policies.
(4) Creating different technical models according to local conditions Rural energy projects belong to the category of agricultural engineering. It is necessary to have a certain economic, material basis and scientific and technological cultural quality to be well managed. Therefore, if poorly selected rural areas engage in energy construction, it will easily result in limited funds. Due to the constraints, the scale of energy efficiency is suppressed and difficult to reflect. Priority should be given to the implementation of multi-energy complementary and comprehensive utilization demonstration villages in rural areas with stable economic, production and management levels, and then gradually spread to surrounding villages. According to different regions, different climate characteristics and different economic and social development conditions, it is necessary to promote local rural energy technologies and construction models suitable for the region according to local conditions. In the plain areas where grain production and animal husbandry are more developed, key projects such as straw gasification centralized gas supply, household biogas, solar house and solar livestock and poultry house will be built. In the mountainous and semi-mountainous areas, the province will focus on the development of coal-fired coal-fired stoves and straw gas. Centralized gas supply, solar livestock houses, biomass power generation, small hydropower and wind power projects will be built. Urban suburbs will focus on promoting large and medium-sized biogas projects and production energy conservation projects in intensive farms.
(V) Improve and improve the technical service system All cities and counties should establish and improve rural energy work institutions, and further enrich and improve the technical service system. Townships and towns should establish rural energy technology service stations, and allocate personnel according to work needs, formulate support policies, introduce market mechanisms, be responsible for profits and losses, reduce financial burdens; improve rural energy management and technical service personnel working conditions, and give priority to those with outstanding work performance. Recognition awards. Develop rural energy industry and improve service system. According to the needs of rural energy construction, formulate rural energy industry planning, plan to rebuild and expand a number of backbone factories producing rural energy products, and implement fixed-point production; do a good job in standardization, serialization and generalized production of products; improve product quality and reduce Cost; organize rural energy new product exhibition activities, strengthen information exchange, and actively purchase and sell markets. Establish rural energy service companies to expand service functions and improve service levels.
(VI) Raising farmers' awareness of the importance of rural energy development Rural energy construction is one of the effective measures to implement sustainable development strategies, helping to increase the effective supply of rural energy, improving rural energy consumption structure, and achieving greenhouse gas emission reduction. Ecological protection inside. For agriculture and rural areas, rural energy construction is one of the important production methods for the regeneration of energy, fertilizer and other resources. It is a meritorious cause of “work in the present and benefiting the futureâ€. It is necessary to further unify our thinking and raise awareness so that the whole society can care for and support the rural energy industry, create a good development environment, and gradually form a conservation-oriented growth mode and consumption model, and promote economic and social development with efficient and recycling of resources. Continue to develop.
Tee rail sections are used in a wide variety of applications ranging from transit authority systems to Heavy haul railways.
Light rail sections (85 lb/yd and less) are used for mining, industrial, and crane applications.
I. Current Status and Problems of Rural Energy Development in China (I) Unreasonable Energy Consumption Structure At present, China's rural energy is mainly based on biomass energy and coal, and these two types of energy exceed 60% of farmers' energy use. At the same time, more than 70% of the rural areas in China rely on biomass fuels such as straw and fuelwood, and biomass fuels in most other regions account for more than 1/2 of total fuel use. China's biomass fuel accounts for about 30% of the world's total, and is the world's largest consumer of biomass fuel. The use of biomass fuels poses a serious threat to agricultural production and the ecological environment.
(II) Severe development of new energy development Although there are many energy sources available for rural development, compared with developed countries, there is a big gap in energy development and use in rural areas of China. Mainly reflected in China's backward development of new energy technologies in rural areas, small scale of production, high cost, low level of localization of products, etc., so it is difficult to form large-scale use, such as: solar power technology, wind power generation technology, straw gasification technology and biology Alcohol production technology, etc. Although after years of development, China's rural areas have achieved certain results in the development and utilization of new materials such as material gasification, liquefaction, solidification, solar water heating, power generation and wind energy, but due to factors such as capital, technology and environment. The impact has not been fully exerted, resulting in the structural shortage and waste of rural energy in China, and many regions have thus fallen into a vicious circle of “energy shortage – deforestation – ecological destruction – energy shortageâ€.
(III) Low energy utilization efficiency Most of the biomass energy such as straw and fuelwood used in rural areas in China is directly burned. The direct combustion makes the utilization efficiency of biomass energy greatly reduced, generally only 20% to 30%. Rural enterprises are also mainly inefficient and high-cost, because at the beginning of the establishment of the enterprise, due to the constraints of funds and other conditions, most of the equipment used is old and eliminated. These equipments are high in energy consumption, heavy in pollution, low in efficiency, and very It is difficult to adopt the latest low-energy, low-emission, high-efficiency production processes. At the same time, with the introduction of a series of national environmental protection policies, the city's high-energy and high-pollution industries are also shifting to the countryside in large numbers.
(4) The emphasis on rural energy demand is not enough. Rural energy is mostly self-sufficient, mainly using biomass energy such as straw and branches. In the planning and distribution of energy, the main consideration is urban residents and various enterprises. In general, the energy supply is heavy on cities and light rural areas. With the development of the rural economy, the energy supply to the rural areas has increased, but overall there is still a big gap with the city. Although it is related to the low density of the rural population and the small number of enterprises, the main focus is not enough, ignoring the rural energy. Demand.
(5) Farmers' understanding of environmental protection and new energy is not in place For farmers, the direct use of straw and fuelwood as energy sources saves both money and money. They have difficulty recognizing the negative impact of using these energy sources on agricultural production and the natural environment. For example, in recent years, there have been more smog weathers. In addition to extreme weather, it is caused by environmental pollution to a large extent, and direct burning of straw has played a role in fueling environmental pollution. Although the state has issued a series of policies and regulations on rural energy, due to insufficient promotion and implementation, it has not attracted enough attention from farmers. For the rural energy projects that the state grants subsidies and subsidies, some farmers take a wait-and-see attitude and treat them negatively, and miss out on the great opportunities for development, which in turn affects the promotion and use of new energy in rural areas.
Second, China's rural energy development countermeasures (1) Strengthen the scientific planning of rural energy construction to coordinate urban and rural development, the focus is to rational planning, as well as energy issues. To develop rural energy, it is necessary to focus on timely adjustment and rational planning from the perspectives of increasing farmers' income, improving the quality of life of farmers, rural ecological environment protection, rural civilization, and improving the quality of agricultural products. According to local conditions, the development of rural energy industry, according to the needs of nature, economy, geography and social development, according to the different conditions of each region, choose different energy technology models. Especially in the construction planning of villages and towns, it is necessary to base on the local economic, production and living waste resources, arrange the construction of rural energy facilities, and promote the improvement and improvement of rural production, life and civilization. In the production and transformation of energy crops, plan well, find out the resource base, arrange the land reasonably, organize production in a timely manner, improve operational efficiency, and achieve coordinated promotion of food security and farmers' income.
(2) Improve rural energy construction capacity to carry out rural energy vocational skills training, implement a professional access system, and construction workers engaged in rural energy construction must obtain national corresponding vocational qualification certificates. The construction tasks should match the number of certified technicians to ensure the quality of rural energy project construction. The implementation of legalized institutionalized management, large-scale rural energy projects, the implementation of project legal person system, bidding system, engineering construction supervision system and project quality lifelong responsibility system. Rural energy construction requires new farmers who have culture, technology and will operate. It is necessary to reach out to farmers, popularize rural energy science knowledge, raise awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection, enhance rural energy self-sufficiency, and continuously improve rural production and quality of life.
(3) Increasing the capital investment in rural energy construction Supporting the construction and development of new energy is a huge investment project. It is difficult to support the farmers' own funds alone. If the government's capital investment is not in place, the enthusiasm of farmers to develop new energy sources will be greatly reduced. First, the investment is large and unbearable. Second, it is difficult to see the ideal benefits from the larger investment, which will reduce their enthusiasm. Mobilize the resources of the government, enterprises and society to enhance the support of funds. Through the establishment of a government-led investment mechanism that guides enterprises and society to participate, we strive to make rural energy projects progress smoothly. Through the establishment of a provincial-level rural energy construction special fund, the city and county levels will be introduced to increase rural energy construction investment, and a relatively stable capital investment mechanism will be formed. Based on the principle of “who invests and who benefitsâ€, the company further clarifies the main position of farmers' investment, mobilizes the enthusiasm of farmers to invest and invest, and attracts social funds and enterprises to participate in the construction of rural energy projects through the formulation of preferential policies.
(4) Creating different technical models according to local conditions Rural energy projects belong to the category of agricultural engineering. It is necessary to have a certain economic, material basis and scientific and technological cultural quality to be well managed. Therefore, if poorly selected rural areas engage in energy construction, it will easily result in limited funds. Due to the constraints, the scale of energy efficiency is suppressed and difficult to reflect. Priority should be given to the implementation of multi-energy complementary and comprehensive utilization demonstration villages in rural areas with stable economic, production and management levels, and then gradually spread to surrounding villages. According to different regions, different climate characteristics and different economic and social development conditions, it is necessary to promote local rural energy technologies and construction models suitable for the region according to local conditions. In the plain areas where grain production and animal husbandry are more developed, key projects such as straw gasification centralized gas supply, household biogas, solar house and solar livestock and poultry house will be built. In the mountainous and semi-mountainous areas, the province will focus on the development of coal-fired coal-fired stoves and straw gas. Centralized gas supply, solar livestock houses, biomass power generation, small hydropower and wind power projects will be built. Urban suburbs will focus on promoting large and medium-sized biogas projects and production energy conservation projects in intensive farms.
(V) Improve and improve the technical service system All cities and counties should establish and improve rural energy work institutions, and further enrich and improve the technical service system. Townships and towns should establish rural energy technology service stations, and allocate personnel according to work needs, formulate support policies, introduce market mechanisms, be responsible for profits and losses, reduce financial burdens; improve rural energy management and technical service personnel working conditions, and give priority to those with outstanding work performance. Recognition awards. Develop rural energy industry and improve service system. According to the needs of rural energy construction, formulate rural energy industry planning, plan to rebuild and expand a number of backbone factories producing rural energy products, and implement fixed-point production; do a good job in standardization, serialization and generalized production of products; improve product quality and reduce Cost; organize rural energy new product exhibition activities, strengthen information exchange, and actively purchase and sell markets. Establish rural energy service companies to expand service functions and improve service levels.
(VI) Raising farmers' awareness of the importance of rural energy development Rural energy construction is one of the effective measures to implement sustainable development strategies, helping to increase the effective supply of rural energy, improving rural energy consumption structure, and achieving greenhouse gas emission reduction. Ecological protection inside. For agriculture and rural areas, rural energy construction is one of the important production methods for the regeneration of energy, fertilizer and other resources. It is a meritorious cause of “work in the present and benefiting the futureâ€. It is necessary to further unify our thinking and raise awareness so that the whole society can care for and support the rural energy industry, create a good development environment, and gradually form a conservation-oriented growth mode and consumption model, and promote economic and social development with efficient and recycling of resources. Continue to develop.
Heavy Steel Rail on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties (sleepers, British English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a dependable surface for their wheels to roll upon.
Tee Rail & Light Rail
Tee rail sections are used in a wide variety of applications ranging from transit authority systems to Heavy haul railways.
Light rail sections (85 lb/yd and less) are used for mining, industrial, and crane applications.
| Weight |
Head width A |
Heigh H |
Base width B |
Web S |
||||||
| lb/yd | kg/m | in. | mm | in. | mm | in. | mm | in. | mm | |
| American sections | ||||||||||
| 141RE | 140.68 | 69.79 | 3 1/6 | 77.79 | 77/16 | 188.91 | 6 | 152.40 | 11/16 | 17.46 |
| 136RE | 135.88 | 67.41 | 215/16 | 74.61 | 75/16 | 185.74 | 6 | 152.40 | 11/16 | 17.46 |
| 133RE | 133.25 | 66.10 | 3 | 76.20 | 71/16 | 179.39 | 6 | 152.40 | 11/16 | 17.46 |
| 132RE | 131.66 | 65.31 | 3 | 76.20 | 7 1/8 | 180.98 | 6 | 152.40 | 21/32 | 16.67 |
| CB122 | 122.50 | 60.77 | 215/16 | 74.61 | 625/32 | 172.24 | 6 | 152.40 | 21/32 | 16.67 |
| 119RE | 118.67 | 58.87 | 221/32 | 67.47 | 613/16 | 173.04 | 51/2 | 139.70 | 5/8 | 15.88 |
| 115RE | 114.68 | 56.89 | 223/32 | 69.06 | 6 5/8 | 168.28 | 51/2 | 139.70 | 5/8 | 15.88 |
| 100RE | 101.50 | 50.35 | 211/16 | 68.26 | 6 | 152.40 | 53/8 | 136.53 | 9/16 | 14.29 |
| 100ARA-B | 100.56 | 49.88 | 221/32 | 67.47 | 541/64 | 143.27 | 59/64 | 130.57 | 9/16 | 14.29 |
| 100ARA-A | 100.39 | 49.80 | 2 3/4 | 69.85 | 6 | 152.40 | 51/2 | 139.70 | 9/16 | 14.29 |
| 90ARA-A | 90.00 | 44.64 | 2 9/16 | 65.09 | 5 5/8 | 142.88 | 51/8 | 130.18 | 9/16 | 14.29 |
| ASCE85 | 85.00 | 42.17 | 2 9/16 | 65.09 | 53/16 | 131.76 | 53/16 | 131.76 | 9/16 | 14.29 |
| ASCE80 | 80.00 | 39.68 | 2 1/2 | 63.50 | 5 | 127.00 | 5 | 127.00 | 35/64 | 13.89 |
| ASCE60 | 60.00 | 29.76 | 2 3/8 | 60.32 | 4 1/4 | 107.95 | 41/4 | 107.95 | 31/64 | 12.30 |
| ASCE40 | 40.00 | 19.84 | 17/8 | 47.62 | 3 1/2 | 88.90 | 31/2 | 88.90 | 25/64 | 9.92 |
| ASCE30 | 30.00 | 14.88 | 111/16 | 42.86 | 3 1/8 | 79.37 | 31/8 | 79.37 | 21/64 | 8.33 |
| ASCE25 | 25.00 | 12.40 | 11/2 | 38.10 | 2 3/4 | 69.85 | 23/4 | 69.85 | 19/64 | 7.54 |
| ASCE20 | 20.00 | 9.92 | 111/32 | 34.10 | 2 5/8 | 66.70 | 25/8 | 66.70 | 1/4 | 6.40 |
| European sections | ||||||||||
| UIC 60 | 121.64 | 60.34 | 2.93 | 74.30 | 6.77 | 172.00 | 5.91 | 150.00 | 0.65 | 16.50 |
| UIC 54 | 110.41 | 54.77 | 2.84 | 72.20 | 6.26 | 159.00 | 5.51 | 140.00 | 0.63 | 16.00 |
| S54 | 109.95 | 54.54 | 2.76 | 70.00 | 6.06 | 154.00 | 4.92 | 125.00 | 0.63 | 16.00 |
| S49 | 99.65 | 49.43 | 2.76 | 70.00 | 5.87 | 149.00 | 4.92 | 125.00 | 0.55 | 14.00 |
Heavy Steel Rail,Uic 54 Railroad Steel Train Rail,Uic 54 Rail,Hot Rolled U71Mn Rail
TAICANG ZHONGBO RAILWAY FASTENING CO., LTD. , https://www.railfastener.com