Throughout the world, the New Car Assessment Process ( NCAP ) refers to a series of controlled crash tests on new cars. It is important to realize that these tests are being conducted at relatively low speeds, and that the vehicles faced by rescue workers are often more severe and challenging.
Due to the commercial value of crash tests, vehicle manufacturers have greatly improved the structure of key parts of the car to ensure that the car has good performance and can get good test results.
Vehicle manufacturers have made improvements in the following areas:
1. Intelligent systems, such as the use of impact buffers, are specially designed to absorb and disperse the energy around the car.
2. Use ultra-high strength steel ( UHSS ) more, for example, to use more of this structure where it is needed. This process makes the car stronger, lighter and more economical.
The testing of new car evaluation procedures not only has a beneficial effect on the structure, but also increases the number of safety factors.
The main tests included:
1 , frontal impact test
The test at a speed of 64km / h (40mph) is 40% of the frontal test.
This structure leads vehicle manufacturers to continuously strengthen the strength of the frontal area, improve the impact buffer area, strengthen the stability of the instrument panel and A- pillars. This has also promoted the development of driver / passenger airbags, knee airbags, seatbelt pre-warmer and seatbelt airbags.
2 , side impact test
The test was conducted at a speed of 50 km/h (30 mph ). This result has led manufacturers to continuously improve side impact protection and strengthen B- pillars. This has also led to the development of side airbags, side curtain airbags, pelvic airbags, and seat / driver airbags.
3 , side column impact test
The test was performed at a speed of 29 km /h ( 18 mph ). This result led manufacturers to continue to strengthen the side impact protection, strengthen the widening of the B- pillar and roof rails. This has also led to the development of side airbags, side curtain airbags, pelvic airbags, and driver / passenger seat airbags.
At the same time, other tests are also required, including:
Roof strength (United States)
Neck stretch (seat only)
Electronic stability control ( ESC )
Child protection (child seat)
Pedestrian protection
Note: Since 2012 , the US Highway Safety Insurance Agency ( IIHS ) has conducted a 25% frontal impact test.
Frontal impact test
The test of the new car evaluation program has greatly strengthened the frontal area of ​​the vehicle. The impact buffer is now designed to be smarter, and most engines are now mounted laterally (sideways), and the Zig-Zag engine is less likely to injure passengers. In rescue operations, this design can make it easier for rescue workers to create space.
More and more people who have been hit by a frontal attack survived. Although they suffered severe injuries, this is mainly due to the following two factors:
1. Physically speaking, the human body tends to move forward (compared to lateral movement in side impact).
2. The collision buffer and airbag protection reduce the danger of a sudden drop in speed.
Key indicators of high-speed impact (kinematics):
1. Airbag (frontal) activation
2 , A column deformation
3 , front wheel extrusion front footbox
4 , the steering wheel / dashboard and pedal stuck to the injured body
5. The "bull's eye" on the windshield (refers to the passenger's head hitting the windshield)
Side impact
Tests on new car evaluation procedures have greatly enhanced the lateral areas of the vehicle, particularly the B- pillar area. The new car B note has not only become stronger but also wider. In rescue operations, this design can make it easier for rescue workers to create space.
There are two main reasons for the high mortality rate in side impacts:
1. Physically speaking, the lateral movement of the human body will not be very large. As a result, violent lateral movements can cause serious injuries.
2. The space between the victim and the vehicle (impact buffer) is very small, which means that the consequences of any object will be very serious.
In order to restore the vehicle to its original shape, cross bracing can be used, and then continue to create space. The cross braces can expand the interior space to better support the wounded.
Key indicators for high-speed side impact (kinematics):
1. Airbag (flank, curtain / pelvis) activation
2, B pillar and roof rail deformation
3 , The cabin was greatly oppressed
4 , B pillar piercing the car stuck in the wounded body
Overturn accident
The new car evaluation program test allows manufacturers to continuously strengthen the roof area. The roof rails are now harder and stronger, and the vehicles are also equipped with stronger glass (especially windshields). The challenge faced by rescue workers is how to enter and expand internal space.
We need to look at rollover accidents in two ways:
1. During the rollover accident, the roof structure remains intact.
The expansion of the entrance and internal space should be sufficient for rescue.
2. In the rollover accident, the roof structure has lost its integrity and has been deformed.
This kind of accident is more complicated. There will be problems with the entrance, and the deformation of the roof means that more energy is needed. Consider kinematic factors.
There are two main reasons for the high mortality rate of high-speed rollover accidents:
1 , the energy caused by overturning
2 , the vehicle's energy may be released. The mortality rate in this case is usually 6 times
Key indicators for high-speed rollover (kinematics):
1 , airbag (multiple) activation
2. Possible deformation of A column, B column and C column
3 , passengers may be thrown out of the car
4. Deformation and damage of multiple body panels
5 , due to multiple rollovers on the ground or the surrounding environment caused damage
remember! In a rollover accident, the vehicle does not have to be a roof landing: the vehicle may have a wheel on the ground or a side on the ground. Using kinematics, rescue workers can enter the vehicle and understand the visible damage.
Tension, bending and torque
It is important to recognize that damaged vehicles may release energy during rescue operations. This is because:
Tension - metal is stretched or extended
Bending - Metal bent
Torsion - metal is twisted
Therefore, rescue workers must determine the energy that may be released when shearing or expanding.
We cannot always see with bare eyes whether the metal is stretched, bent or twisted. When rescue workers suspect that the energy may be released when cut or expanded, they must:
1 , control any possible activities, such as the top position
2 , ensure that any possible activities will not affect the stability
3. Ensure that any possible activities will not adversely affect rescue workers or the injured
This article belongs to holmatro and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.
Heat sink is a vital component that helps to dissipate heat from electronic devices. These devices generate heat as they operate, which can damage the internal components and cause malfunctions. In this article, we will explore what heat sinks are, how they work, and why they are important.
What is a heat sink?
A heat sink is a hardware device that is used to regulate the temperature of electronic components by dissipating heat. It is usually made out of an aluminum or copper plate with fins, which help to increase the surface area and improve the efficiency of heat transfer. Heat sinks are commonly used in electronic devices such as computers, power supplies, and mobile phones.
How do heat sinks work?
The purpose of a heat sink is to transfer heat from an electronic component to the surrounding environment. When electronic components such as CPUs or GPUs become hot, the heat is transferred to the metal plate of the heat sink. The heat sink then uses its fins to increase the surface area for the transfer of heat to the air. As the air flows over the fins, it absorbs the heat and carries it away, thus cooling the electronic component.
Why are heat sinks important?
Heat sinks play a significant role in ensuring that electronic devices function correctly and have an extended lifespan. Here are a few key reasons why heat sinks are important:
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Improved performance: When electronic components become too hot, they can malfunction or slow down. Heat sinks help to regulate the temperature of these components, allowing them to operate at their full potential.
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Extended lifespan: Overheating can cause damage to electronic components, leading to a shortened lifespan. Heat sinks help to prevent this by ensuring that the components are kept within their safe temperature range.
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Reliability: By preventing excessive overheating, heat sinks contribute to the overall reliability of electronic devices, reducing the risk of malfunctions and failures.
In summary, heat sinks are an essential component of electronic devices that help to regulate the temperature of electronic components. They improve performance, extend the lifespan of devices, and contribute to their overall reliability. Regular maintenance, cleaning, and replacement of damaged heat sinks are crucial for ensuring the optimal functioning of electronic devices.
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